The last two decades have seen improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality, but there is recent evidence of plateauing, or even increases, in mortality rates. There are well known relationships between CVD and a number of risk factors, including high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), high blood pressure (hypertension), high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), unhealthy diet, obesity, alcohol overconsumption, smoking and physical inactivity. The reversible nature of these risk factors provides a huge opportunity to prevent CVD events by improving risk factor treatment and promoting the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Medical guidelines for both the primary and secondary prevention of CVD recommend specific treatment targets for these risk factors, but there are decades of evidence that these are achieved in a minority across different countries and health systems. Optimising primary and secondary prevention could significantly improve European CV health (CVH) with subsequent positive effec